--- url: https://gaojian.site/new-concept/book-4/50-television-and-education.md description: 新概念英语第四册：Television and Education。精读、词块回忆、双向译练、句法、逻辑与FSRS复习。 --- # 论电视技术和教育 ## 课文学习台 {#study} ### 第1段 Television is a method of communication. It is about as revolutionary as the invention of printing. Neither printing nor television is in itself an idea, or power, or good or bad. They are simply methods by which ideas and experiences can be communicated faster to more people. It is perhaps because the characteristics of television, which determine what it can best communicate, are so different from those of printing, that professional educationists were reluctant for so long to interest themselves in the newer method. 中文理解：电视是一种沟通交流的方式。其革命性不亚于印刷术的发明。印刷术和电视，本身都不具有思想或权力，也没有善恶之分。它们只不过是用来更快速地向更广泛受众传播思想和经验的方式而已。电视的特点决定了什么内容传播效果最佳，很可能因为该特点与印刷术差别太大，以致于专业的教育从业者长久以来都不愿意关注更为新颖的方式。 * **Neither**：不仅 / 两者都不 / 是否；找齐成对结构的两端；不是看见 not only 就一律倒装。 #### 1. Television is a method… 简单句，主系表结构. 这里的television 从全文来看，所讨论的是电视技术在教育上的应用，故取电视技术之意. #### 2. It is about… 简单句，主系表结构. about 在这里是介词，意为almost the same as; close to; near. 整个为介词短语作表语. #### 3. Neither printing nor television is… 简单句，主系表结构. 表否定的连接词作主语，后面的名词及形容词均作表语. #### 4. They are methods by which ideas and experiences can be communicated… 复合句，主句为主系表结构，后面接一个by which 引导的定语从句，表示该方式 \[1] 具体可见https://www.bbc.com/charityappeals/appeals/grants/grace-wyndham-goldie. 的具体传播情况. #### 5. It is because the characteristics… are so different… that… 复合句，主句为it is because 主系+表语从句结构，该表语从句一直到句末. 表语从句是主系表结构，the characteristics are different. 在这个表语从句中，有一个which 引导的非限制性定语从句修饰characteristics，最后是so…that 结构所引导的目的状语从句，该从句也是主系表结构. 这里interest sb./yourself in sth.为使感兴趣，使关注之意. 二战结束之后，电视就已经在英美逐步进入消费市场了，1950年代，电视已经是影响公众意见的主要媒介了，故而在本文发表的1964年，电视已经是生活中非常平常的家电了，却仍未能被教育工作所接受，故而作者有此感慨. ### 第2段 Printing and television are certainly alike in that both are costly to the producers of the communication and relatively cheap to the receiver. They are both, therefore, mass media which depend upon reaching great numbers. But whereas the printed word, being relatively permanent, can communicate to numbers of like minds over centuries, television is relatively ephemeral and communicates, using both pictures and words, to millions of unlike minds at the same moment in time. Moreover television appeals not only to those who can read but to those who can't. 中文理解：印刷技术和电视当然有相似的地方，它们对于传播资讯的制作者来说成本都比较高昂，但对于受众则相对便宜。因此，两者都是依靠覆盖大量受众来运作的大众传媒。印刷文字相对而言传播更持久，可以横跨多个世纪，与众多志趣相投的读者交流；而电视传播相对短暂，其只能在同一时间，通过图片和话语，及时传播至数以百万计的不同想法的人们。还有就是，电视对于识字群体和文盲群体都具有吸引力。 * **therefore**：因此；结果；结果必须由前文支撑；它不是让论述显得高级的装饰词。 * **not only**：不仅 / 两者都不 / 是否；找齐成对结构的两端；不是看见 not only 就一律倒装。 #### 1. Printing and television are alike in that… 复合句，主句主系表结构，后跟in that 复合连词所引导的原因状语从句，用来说明哪些地方相似. 该状语从句为主系表结构，这里costly 为形容词. #### 2. They are media… 复合句，主句主系表结构，后面有一个which 引导的定语从句，为主谓宾结构. #### 3. whereas the printed word can communicate…, television is ephemeral and communicates… 复合句，这里whereas 引导的对比状语从句更恰当的位置应该是放在主句之后，而非之前，此处whereas 可以理解为while on the contrary，而非although. 该从句中， being permanent 为现在分词短语作原因状语，从句和主句的内容在对比印刷品与电视技术的传播时效和受众情况，同样的对比项，所采用的表达有所变化. 主句为并列句，television is ephemeral 为主系表结构，and 后面省略了主语television，所以communicates 要加s. 印刷的word 应译为文字，而后面电视的words 应译为话语，也就是电视播放的对话和旁白，因下文提到，即便不认字的人也被电视吸引. #### 4. television appeals… 简单句，主谓结构，后面是not only…but (also)的句型，to sb.介词短语表对象，只不过这两个状语中各含有一个who 引导的定语从句修饰those，我们额外予以细分. ### 第3段 Professional educationists, accustomed to communication through words, and highly valuing reading and the quality of the like minds reachable through books, saw television, in its early years, not only as a rival for attention but as an enemy of the good. Some ten years ago a friend said to me: "We in Oxford may be old fashioned and fuddy-duddy, but most of us think that television is actively detrimental." Even that great pioneer of teaching by radio, the late Mary Somerville, had no faith in television. "It won't last," she said to me. "It's a flash in the pan." And many in the world of education no doubt hoped that this was true. 中文理解：专业的教育家们不仅把电视看作是注意力的天敌，也把它视为美好事物的敌人。他们早已习惯于通过文字交流，也极为重视阅读。书籍所传播到的志趣相投的读者，其素质也备受教育家们推崇。大约十年前，一位朋友曾跟我说过：“我们牛津的这些人可能思想跟不上时代了，但我们大部分人认为电视是非常有害的。”即便是广播教育先驱，最近刚刚离世的玛丽·萨默维尔，也对电视没有信心。 她曾对我说过“电视无法持续。”“就像昙花一现。”教育界的许多人无疑也希望她这话会成真。 * **accustomed to**：过去常常 / 习惯于；used to do 说过去习惯；be used to 后说已习惯的事，别混用。 * **not only**：不仅 / 两者都不 / 是否；找齐成对结构的两端；不是看见 not only 就一律倒装。 #### 1. Professional educationists, saw television as a rival and as an enemy. 简单句，主谓宾+宾补结构. 主语后面跟了两个比较长的定语，第一个定语中to 是介词，后面跟名词或者动名词，与accustomed 一起使用来表达习惯于某事. 第二个是现在分词短语，补充说明这些教育家高度重视阅读以及通过书籍可以接触到的相近心灵；若改写为定语从句，可用 who highly value reading…，不必机械补成 who are valuing，而saw 在这里不是看电视的watch，而是视作，把电视看作什么，后面as 所带的内容为宾语补足语. 这里的like minds 是跟着上段的表达而来，主要讲电视技术和印刷文字的受众群体对比情况，教育家们觉得书本所传播的受众素质更高，说白了就是觉得电视的受众比较俗，跟书本的读者素质比不得. 这段长句我拆成3个短句来翻译，更符合中文表达习惯. #### 2. We may be… but most of us think that… A friend said 为主句，主谓+宾语从句结构，后面的直接引语在语法上属于宾语从句，本书不作标记. 该直接引语为并列复合句，but 连接两个句子，前句为主系表结构. 后句为主谓+that 引导的宾语从句结构，句中 actively detrimental 表示“确实有害、会产生实质性危害”，actively 在这里加强 harmful 的含义，不是“恶化地”，也不能套用 tending to become more severe 这一解释。 #### 3. pioneer had faith… 简单句，主谓结构. 句中人名Mary Somerville (1897-1963)为电教先锋的同位语，此人在20世纪三四十年代是BBC 的首任广播教育项目负责人，请留意，本文写于1964年，late 在此为形容词，no longer alive, especially someone who has died recently. 故而在其名字前加上了该词. of teaching by radio 整个作定语，此处额外划分了方式状语仅用以理解. #### 4. she said… 简单句，主谓宾结构. 直接引语在语法上为宾语从句，本书不予标记，该直接引语为主谓结构. #### 5. It's a flash in the pan. 简单句，主系表结构. 句中用了俗语，该俗语的来源如下：This expression has its origins \[in the way] {that (an old-fashioned) gun worked.} Pulling the trigger produced a spark (which set light \[to a small amount of gunpowder] (held in the 'pan').) This \[in turn] lit the rest of the gunpowder. \[However], \[if it failed to do so] there was \[just] a \`flash in the pan' and the gun did not fire \[properly]. 'Hang fire' has a (similar) origin. 即从老式枪支的工作 \[1] Collins COBUILD Idioms Dictionary, 3rd ed.. 2012. HarperCollins Publishers 方式而来，扣动扳机点燃火花去引燃“火药池（pan）”里少量的火药. 这样才能由此引燃剩余的火药. 不过，如果无法引燃剩余的火药，那么就只有火药池里的火药稍微一闪，枪支无法正常发射. Hang Fire 的表达与此同源. 翻译的话，可以用昙花一现来表达. #### 6. many hoped that… 复合句，主谓+宾语从句结构. that 引导的宾语从句为主系表结构. ### 第4段 The situation has now altered. It is clear that television is no flash in the pan. So educationists all over the world are trying to get access to its "power", often by attempting to use traditional methods of academic teaching to inculcate, through television, the ideas and attitudes in which they devotedly believe. But one of the characteristics of television is that it has no power other than that created by the wish of people to watch it. If nobody watches it, then television has no power. 中文理解：目前情况已经改变了。很显然，电视并非昙花一现。因此全世界的教育家们都在想办法借助电视的 “力量”，经常是用着传统的教学手段，通过电视来灌输他们真挚相信的观念和态度。可是电视的一个特点便是除了创造出人们的观看欲之外，也没有别的力量了。要是没有人观看，电视也自然没有力量了。 #### 1. The situation has altered. 简单句，主谓结构. #### 2. It is clear that… 复合句，主句主系表结构，it 为形式主语，后面that 引导的主语从句才是真正的主语，该主语从句为主系表结构. #### 3. educationists are trying to get… 复合句，主句是主谓宾结构，动词不定式短语to get…作宾语，后面是一些不同的状语，如表方式的by attempting to use methods 这里细分的话，to use 也是动词不定式作宾语，属于成分里面的关系. 最后有一个in which 引导的定语从句，主谓结构. #### 4. one of the characteristics is that… 复合句，主系+表语从句结构. that 引导的表语从句为主谓宾结构. #### 5. If nobody watches it, television has no power.… 复合句，主句为主谓宾结构，开头是if 引导的条件状语从句，亦为主谓宾结构. ## 学完这一课 选一个可以讨论的判断，说明依据，再加上一句限制或不同情况。 [Nce · 本册复习台](/new-concept/book-4/review) · [三册选择地图](/new-concept/) *译文与解析据吴应时整理资料及本站首轮审校稿；词伙与练习提示为本站学习设计。原PDF第242—246页，2022年2月第2版。*