--- url: https://gaojian.site/new-concept/book-4/46-hobbies.md description: 新概念英语第四册：Hobbies。精读、词块回忆、双向译练、句法、逻辑与FSRS复习。 --- # 业余爱好 ## 课文学习台 {#study} ### 第1段 A gifted American psychologist has said, "Worry is a spasm of the emotion; the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go." It is useless to argue with the mind in this condition. The stronger the will, the more futile the task. One can only gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp. And if this something else is rightly chosen, if it really attended by the illumination of another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly, the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair begins. 中文理解：美国一位天才心理学家曾说：“烦恼是感情的发作；大脑纠缠于某种东西，无法松手。”在此之际，想以与大脑争吵之法来松手，是无济于事的。越想摆脱，越是徒劳。人们唯有平缓地让别的想法潜入已握紧某种东西的无法控制的大脑之中。如果别的想法选得合适，而且该想法的确受其它领域兴趣的启迪而逐渐且顺利地得到了注意，原先不适当的紧张随即得以放松，恢复和修整的过程亦得以开展。 #### 1. psychologist has said, Worry is a spasm…; the mind catches hold of something and will… 复合句，主句为主谓结构，后面是直接引语作为宾语从句，对于直接引语的宾语从句，我们不予标记. 直接引语是以分号相连的两个句子，第一句为主系表结构，第二句则是并列句，主谓宾结构和（主）谓宾+宾补结构，it 指worry. #### 2. It is useless to argue… 复合句，it 为形式主语，to argue 为真正的主语. #### 3. The stronger the will, the more futile the task… 这是 the + 比较级…, the + 比较级…关联比较结构，表示“越……，就越……”。补全可理解为 the stronger the will is, the more futile the task becomes；原句省略了相应系动词，并不能仅凭比较成分在前就称为主谓倒装。 (3.1.1) #### 4. One can insinuate something else… 简单句，主谓宾+宾补结构. #### 5. if this is chosen…, if it attended…grip relaxes and the process begins… 复合句，两个if 引导的条件状语从句，一直到swiftly 为止，均为主谓结构，第二个条件从句中的 it 指第一句的something else. 主句则为并列句，以and 相连，也均为主谓结构. ### 第2段 The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of the first importance to a public man. But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will. The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process. The seeds must be carefully chosen; they must fall on good ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed. 中文理解：对于公众人物来说，培养一门爱好和各种形式的兴趣，因此就是最为重要的策略。 但这并非一天就可完成的事情，也不是单凭意志能够速成的。培养各种精神方面的兴趣是一个长期的过程。 要想在需要时随手摘下生机勃勃的果实，离不开精心选种，种植沃土，和勤勉看护。 * **therefore**：因此；结果；结果必须由前文支撑；它不是让论述显得高级的装饰词。 #### 1. The cultivation is a policy… 简单句，主系表结构. public man 可指公共人，有一本书叫the fall of public man，而在这里，更像是公众人物，至少是需要经常面对公众的人，他们的压力比较大，与上一段的精神压力相呼应. 这一点应该是丘吉尔的切身感受流露. #### 2. this is not a business that… 复合句，主句为主系表结构，后面that 引导的定语从句为并列句，or 连接两个谓语部分. #### 3. The growth is a long process. 简单句，主系表结构. #### 4. The seeds must be chosen; they must fall on good ground; they must be tended, if…when… 复合句，分号连接了三个并列的句子，最后一个句子包含if 引导的条件状语从句，为主系表结构，在这个状语从句中，还包含一个when needed 的时间状语从句，不过省略了it is. ### 第3段 To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: "I will take an interest in this or that." Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet get hardly any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual labourer, tired out with a hard week's sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend. 中文理解：要想真正幸福和安康，人们至少应有两三种爱好，而且必须都是真正投入的爱好。到了人生的暮年才开始说：“我会对这个或那个产生兴趣”，已经没用了。 这一尝试徒增心力紧张而已。一个人可能会具备跟他日常工作毫无关系的领域的渊博知识，却无法从中得到些收益或宽慰。（可见）做你喜欢的事并没有什么用；你得喜欢你所做的事。不严谨地说，人们大体可分为三类：一类，劳累至死的人；二类，忧虑至死的人；三类，无聊至死的人。对于流汗劳力了一周的人来说，让他们在星期六下午踢足球或打垒球，这种爱好无法起到效果；同样，对于为严肃的公务劳心担忧了6天的政治人士，或者专业人士和商人来说，在周末让他们为琐事而劳心也没用。 #### 1. one ought to have two or three hobbies and they must all be real. 并列句，and 连接两句，前句为主谓宾结构，后句为主系表结构. 这里的real 跟上一段第三句(46.2.3)呼应，该句讨论培养精神上的兴趣，这里讲实际上的兴趣. #### 2. It is no use…I… 复合句，主句为主系表结构，it 为形式主语，starting…为真正的主语，后面直接引语为say 的宾语，所以整个引号都画成了宾语从句，为主谓宾结构. #### 3. an attempt aggravates the strain… 简单句，主谓宾结构. #### 4. A man may acquire great knowledge and get any benefit or relief. 并列句，均为主谓宾结构. 本句意指与工作无关的渊博知识，并不能带来任何好处，进而引出下一句话，应该热爱自己现在所做的，而不是去做自己喜欢的. #### 5. It is no use doing what…; you have got to like what… 并列复合句，两句以分号连接，前句it is…doing…结构，it 为形式主语，doing…you like 真正的主语，这一个主语部分里面，what you like 这句作doing 的宾语，该宾语从句为主谓宾结构. 而and 后这句就没有这么复杂，只是一个主谓+宾语从句结构，同样是what 引导宾语从句，为主谓宾结构. 本句是上句论述的结论. #### 6. human beings may be divided into three classes…who…who…who… 复合句，主句为主谓宾结构，后面三个定语从句，均为主谓结构. 我在翻译的时候，加了一二三类，符合中文写作习惯. #### 7. It is no use offering the chance… 本句的结构跟下句一样，均为it is no use doing，it 为形式主语，后面的动名词短语为真正的主语. 只不过本句的真正主语之中，包含了一个过去分词作定语修饰 labourer. 本句跟以上三个分类的第一类劳累至死的这类人进行进一步论述，强调体力劳动者在疲惫之后，不适合再以耗费大量体力的活动作为休息，下一句分析第二类忧虑致死的人，强调劳心者也不适合需要脑力的爱好. #### 8. It is no use inviting to work or worry 复合句，本句跟上句结构上一样，只是上句的定语，本句中为who 引导的从句，为主谓宾结构. 不过由于invite 和offer 的用法不一样，本句的真正主语部分inviting the politician or the professional or business man 在逻辑上，invite 后面有宾语+宾语补足语的结构. 而上一句整个主语的两部分都作可以视为offer 的宾语，一个直接宾语，一个间接宾语. ### 第4段 As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire—for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation. In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion. For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path. 中文理解：至于（第三类无聊的）可怜人，他们可以任意要求他们想要的一切，能满足所有的任性，能染指任何渴望的目标 ——对他们来说，一种新的乐趣或新的刺激只是更增厌腻而已。他们徒劳地四处疯跑，企图仅以喧嚣和乱窜来摆脱报复性的无聊。对他们来说，用某种形式的纪律予以约束，才是最有希望（逃离无聊）的途径。 * **In vain**：匆忙地 / 绝望地 / 惊讶地 / 默默地 / 徒劳地；把短语连同动作一起记，观察它如何补出人物状态。 #### 1. who…who…a new pleasure, a new excitement is satiation. 复合句，两个who 引导的定语从句修饰people，第一个who 引导的定语从句为主谓宾结构，里面包含了一个they want 定语从句，修饰everything，而第二个who 引导的定语从句为并列句，有两个谓语，由and 连接. 破折号后面是简单句，主系表结构. 本段接着上文继续讲第三类无聊的人，否则只读本句，会觉得这个人应有尽有，为什么会如此厌倦呢，只因这类属于无聊至死的人. #### 2. they rush… 简单句，主谓结构. #### 3. discipline is the most hopeful path. 简单句，主系表结构. ### 第5段 It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, those whose work and pleasure are one. Of these the former are the majority. They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. But Fortune's favoured children belong to the second class. Their life is a natural harmony. For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays, when they come, are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation. Yet to both classes, the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds. 中文理解：也可以这样说，理智的、勤劳的、有用的人可以分为两类：第一类，他们工作是工作，娱乐是娱乐；第二类，他们工作就是娱乐。这两类人当中，第一类人是大多数， 他们会有补偿。在办公室或工厂里长时间的工作所带来的回报，不仅是谋生的手段，还是寻找乐趣的强烈欲望，哪怕是最简单、最简朴的乐趣。但是，命运眷顾的孩子们则是第二类人。他们的生活是一种自然的和谐。对他们来说，工作时间似乎永远不够长， 每一天都是假日，而到了真正的假日，沉浸其中的工作被强行打断，他们便心生怨恨。 然而对这两种人来说，都确切需要换一换观念，调整下环境，分散些精力。说实话，第二类工作就是娱乐的人可能很需要每隔一段时间就把工作从头脑中驱除干净。 * **not only**：不仅 / 两者都不 / 是否；找齐成对结构的两端；不是看见 not only 就一律倒装。 #### 1. It may also be said that… 复合句，主句为主谓+宾语从句结构，宾语从句为主谓宾结构. 冒号后面的两个 those 均为two classes 的同位语. 序号first 后面，一般用second，而如果是secondly，建议前面用firstly. 文豪写作可以随性一点，我们练习阶段，还是规范一些比较好. 本句在上文划分成3类讨论的基础上，做了新的划分，划分成两类继续讨论. #### 2. the former are the majority. 简单句，主系表结构. #### 3. They have their compensations. 简单句，主谓宾结构. #### 4. The long hours bring the means and a keen appetite as their reward. 这句的实际结构我在主干结构中做了还原，bring the means and a keen appetite as their reward 才是正序. 这样一来，就是主谓宾+宾补结构. #### 5. children belong to the second class… 简单句，主谓宾结构. #### 6. Their life is a natural harmony. 简单句，主系表结构. #### 7. the working hours are long enough. 简单句，主系表结构. #### 8. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays, when…are grudged. 复合句，由and 连接成前后两句，前句为主系表结构简单句，后句有一个when 引 导的时间状语从句，are grudged 是被动，因为平常的节假日自己是不会怨恨的，自然是被人怨恨，为什么呢，as enforced interruptions 原因状语作了说明，因为沉浸其中的工作被强行打断了. 这句话跟着上一句一起方能理解，所以翻译中，上句末尾采用了逗号，因为本身说了每一天都是假日了，那么在中文语境下，为避免歧义，可翻译成真正的假日. #### 9. the need is essential. 简单句，主系表结构. 主干很简单，就是of 所带的定语比较多. 教材这里的翻译有些奇怪，这里是针对上面两类人的情况而言，一种工作娱乐泾渭分明，一种满心工作，那么这里两类人要换一下观念outlook，改变下生活的环境，而不是调节什么气氛，最后是分散下精力，搞点娱乐，而不是concentration/attention 注意力. #### 10. it may well be that…whose work…who… 复合句，主句为主系+表语从句结构. that 引导的表语从句一直到句末，该表语从句的主干是those are those，只不过这两个those 都有定语予以修饰. 第一个those 由whose 引导的定语从句修饰，主系表结构；第二个those 由who 引导的定语从句修饰，主谓宾结构. 这句是跟着前文的第二类工作娱乐不分的人提的建议，所以可以直接说第二类人应该如何. ## 学完这一课 选一个可以讨论的判断，说明依据，再加上一句限制或不同情况。 [Nce · 本册复习台](/new-concept/book-4/review) · [三册选择地图](/new-concept/) *译文与解析据吴应时整理资料及本站首轮审校稿；词伙与练习提示为本站学习设计。原PDF第212—218页，2022年2月第2版。*