--- url: https://gaojian.site/new-concept/book-4/38-water-and-the-traveller.md description: 新概念英语第四册：Water and the Traveller。精读、词块回忆、双向译练、句法、逻辑与FSRS复习。 --- # 水和旅行者 ## 课文学习台 {#study} ### 第1段 Contamination of water supplies is usually due to poor sanitation close to water sources, sewage disposal into the sources themselves, leakage of sewage into distribution systems, or contamination with industrial or farm waste. Even if a piped water supply is safe at its source, it is not always safe by the time it reaches the tap. Intermittent tap water supplies should be regarded as particularly suspect. 中文理解：供水受到污染通常是因水源附近卫生状况恶劣，污水直接排入水源，污水渗入供水系统，或者工农业废水污染所造成。即使水源处的供水干净卫生，等流到水龙头时就不一定干净了。间歇性供水的水龙头，其水质尤其值得怀疑。 * **due to**：由于；先确认后面是名词性内容；because 后才可以直接接句子。 * **Even if**：以便或以致 / 尽管 / 即使 / 仿佛；先判断两部分的关系；even though 说已知情况，even if 常说假设。 * **by the time**：到……的时候 / 偶尔 / 一直 / 同时；时间词帮助组织先后关系，但不能仅凭一个时间词机械决定时态。 * **be regarded as**：被看作；说明某种看法；原句是谁这样看，复述时要保留。 #### 1. Contamination is usually due to… 简单句，主谓宾结构. 其中systems, or contamination 中间的逗号为原著所加，教材没有逗号，此处补上. #### 2. Even if, …it is not safe… 复合句，主句为主系表结构，even if 引导的让步状语从句亦为主系表结构. 后面有一个定语从句修饰time. #### 3. tap water supplies should be regarded as suspect. 简单句，主谓+主补结构. tap-water 的连接符，原著改版中删除. as particularly suspect 原著改为as suspect，删掉了particularly. 这里间歇性供水方式，在水处理能力不足的地区较常采用，每天只有某个时间段供应，其余时间停水. Intermittent water supply is a piped water supply service (delivering water to users) \[for less than 24 hours] \[in one day], and is used \[when the available supply and/or the hydraulic capacities (of the water supply system) are \[too] weak.]本句为并列复合句，以and 连接，前句为主系表结构，现在分词短语作后置定语，and 后句则省略了 \[1] 世界卫生组织信息共享数据库 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/53419 \[2] https://sswm.info/sswm-university-course/module-2-centralised-and-decentralised-systems-water-and-sanitation-1/intermittent-water-distribution 主语，有一个when 引导的时间状语从句，为主系表结构. ### 第2段 Travellers on short trips to areas with water supplies of uncertain quality should avoid drinking tap water, or untreated water from any other source. It is best to keep to hot drinks, bottled or canned drinks of well-known brand names—international standards of water treatment are usually followed at bottling plants. Carbonated drinks are acidic, and slightly safer. Make sure that all bottles are opened in your presence, and that their rims are clean and dry. 中文理解：到供水品质不确定的地区短途旅行时，应避免直接喝水龙头的水，或喝任何其它未经处理的水。最好喝热饮，知名品牌的瓶装或罐装饮料 ——装瓶水厂通常遵循水处理的国际标准。碳酸饮料为酸性，会稍安全一些。 确保瓶装水是当你面拧开的，而且瓶口边缘既干净又干燥。 #### 1. Travellers should avoid… 简单句，主谓宾结构. 新版原著改为更客观的无主句表述方式. \[On short trips to areas with water supplies of uncertain quality], avoid drinking tap water, or untreated water \[from any other source]. #### 2. It is best to keep…standards are followed… 复合句，主句为主系表结构，it 为形式主语，不定式部分为真正的主语. 破折号后面作解释说明，为主谓结构. 新版同样改为了无主句，破折后面的部分改动较大，完全是两种建议. Keep to hot, bottled, or canned drinks (of well-known brand names). \[In some countries], bottled water may be counterfeited and \[simply] replaced with tap water. #### 3. drinks are acidic and safer. 简单句，主系表结构. 新版针对上句假冒瓶装水做了进一步的说明. Carbonated drinks are acidic, \[slightly] safer, and less likely to have been counterfeited. #### 4. drinks are acidic and safer. 复合句，两句都是无主句，共用一个谓语make sure，均为谓语+宾语从句结构， 第一个宾语从句为主谓结构，and 后的宾语从句为主系表结构. \[本版有修改] Make sure all bottles have unbroken seals \[when you buy them] and that they are opened \[in your presence].] 这句由and 连接两个宾语从句作make sure 的宾语. 我去印度时就遵照了孤独星球Lonely Planet 的建议，只买包装好的瓶装水，并会仔细检查瓶口的塑料密封纸是否完好，有些瓶装水是商家自行灌装的. 另外，刷牙也只用瓶装水，确保安全. ### 第3段 Boiling is always a good way of treating water. Some hotels supply boiled water on request and this can be used for drinking, or for brushing teeth. Portable boiling elements that can boil small quantities of water are useful when the right voltage of electricity is available. Refuse politely any cold drink from an unknown source. 中文理解：烧开一直是处理水的好办法。有的酒店可应客人需要提供烧开了的水，可用于饮用或刷牙。 如果有电压相符的电力供应，能够烧少量水的便携式烧水设备则很实用。礼貌地拒绝任何来源不明的冷饮。 * **a good way**：形容词与名词一起理解；先结合这句确定是在评价位置、距离还是经历，不把 good 一律换成中文“好”。 #### 1. Boiling is a good way… 简单句，主系表结构. #### 2. Some hotels supply boiled water and this can be used… 并列句，两句均为主谓（宾）结构. boiled 的意思是烧开了的，凉白开. #### 3. elements that… are useful when… 复合句，主句主系表结构. that 引导的定语从句为主谓宾结构，修饰elements. when 引导的时间状语从句为主系表结构. 原著新版将此句予以删除，或许因为自带电热水壶出国旅游并不实用. #### 4. Refuse cold drink… 简单句，主谓结构. ### 第4段 Ice is only as safe as the water from which it is made, and should not be put in drinks unless it is known to be safe. Drinks can be cooled by placing them on ice, rather than by adding ice to them. 中文理解：冰块是否安全，取决于制冰用水是否安全；只有确认安全的冰块，才能加入饮料。饮品可以靠放在冰块上面来制冷，而不是把冰块放进冷饮 * **rather than**：代替 / 而不是；两边尽量保持可比较的形式，并说明你真正选择了什么。 #### 这一段的读法与用法 里。 #### 1. Ice is as safe as the water…, and should not be put in drinks unless… 复合句，and 连接两个句子，前句主系表结构，跟了一个定语从句，主谓结构. and 后句省略了主语ice，主谓宾结构，跟一个unless 引导的条件状语从句，主谓+主语补语. #### 2. Drinks can be cooled… 简单句，主谓结构. 教材中rather than 后面的by 省略了，原著新版补上了. 补上第二个by 之后明显更为规范，本文予以订正. 由此亦可见，很多的省略表达，是思维上共用了介词，但在之后的检查中，还是按照语法规范予以补上. 有些地方的冰块制作环境实属恶劣，所以之前在印度旅游坚决不喝非预制的密封冷饮. ### 第5段 Alcohol may be a medical disinfectant, but should not be relied upon to sterilize water. Ethanol is more effective at a concentration of 50-70%; below 20%, its bactericidal action is negligible. Spirits labelled 95 proof contain only about 47% alcohol. Beware of methyl alcohol, which is very poisonous and should never be added to drinking water. 中文理解：酒精可作为医用消毒剂，但决不可用于饮用水的消毒。乙醇的浓度为50-70%时更加有效；浓度低于20%时，杀菌作用已微乎其微。标注为95 proof的烈酒，酒精含量实际约为47%（这里的proof不能直接译成酒精度数）。要注意甲醇，有剧毒，千万不能加到饮用水里。 #### 1. Alcohol may be a medical disinfectant, but should not be relied upon… 并列句，前句主系表结构，后句主谓结构，省略了主语. #### 2. Ethanol is more effective…; action is negligible. 并列句，两句以分号相隔，均为主系表结构. 教材中的百分号均写为per cent，原著中均直接使用%. #### 3. Spirits contain alcohol. 简单句，主谓宾结构. 教材中95后面没有百分比符号，原著改版加了一个，但原著改错了，proof 在这里是名词，Alcohol proof is a measure (of the content) (of ethanol (alcohol)) \[in an alcoholic beverage]. 国内就相当于是多少度的酒，这个proof 跟酒精百分比有一个换算，本句为标了95度的烈酒，实际上酒精含量是47%. 本句讲一下这个换算，就是提醒旅行者，如果想着买30度的酒可以消毒，但其实酒精含量不足20%，没有消毒效果. #### 4. Beware of methyl alcohol, which…and should never be added… 复合句，主谓结构，which 引导的定语从句为并列结构，前句为主系表结构，后句为省略了which 的主谓结构. 新版中将poisonous 后面的逗号删去了，这样更有利于理解which 引导的定语从句是到句末的，而不是到poisonous. 因为beware of methyl alcohol 所省略的主语you，跟and 后面should never be added 所省略的主语methyl alcohol 不同. 原著新版将教材中methylated alcohol 甲基化酒精改为了methyl alcohol 甲醇，更为准确，一般所说的工业假酒，就是甲醇，所以指南建议大家不要喝到假酒. 考虑到读者会背诵无数遍，我采用了新版指南的表述. ### 第6段 If no other safe water supply can be obtained, tap water that is too hot to touch can be left to cool and is generally safe to drink. Those planning a trip to remote areas, or intending to live in countries where drinking water is not readily available, should know about the various possible methods for making water safe. 中文理解：如果无法获取其他干净的水，自来水管中流出的烫手的水，可以留下来冷却。这种一般来说是可以饮用的干净水。 那些计划去偏远地区旅行，或在没有现成饮用水的国家居住的人，应该了解获取饮用水的各种方法。 #### 1. If…, tap water that…can be left and is safe to drink. 复合句，主句为并列结构，主谓结构以及主系表结构. if 引导的条件状语从句为主谓结构，that 引导的定语从句修饰tap water，为主系表结构. #### 2. Those…where…should know about the various possible methods… 复合句，主句为主谓宾结构，其中有一个where 引导的定语从句，修饰countries，为主系表结构. 本句原著新版简化为Travellers should understand the various possible methods for making water safe. 且另起了一段. ## 学完这一课 选一个可以讨论的判断，说明依据，再加上一句限制或不同情况。 [Nce · 本册复习台](/new-concept/book-4/review) · [三册选择地图](/new-concept/) *译文与解析据吴应时整理资料及本站首轮审校稿；词伙与练习提示为本站学习设计。原PDF第164—168页，2022年2月第2版。*