--- url: https://gaojian.site/new-concept/book-4/32-galileo-reborn.md description: 新概念英语第四册：Galileo Reborn。精读、词块回忆、双向译练、句法、逻辑与FSRS复习。 --- # 伽利略的复生 ## 课文学习台 {#study} ### 第1段 In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy; but the scientific dust has long since settled, and today we can see even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like its proper perspective. But, in contrast, it is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science. 中文理解：伽利略在他那个时代，是激烈论战的中心。 不过，科学上的纷争早已平息。甚至他和宗教法庭的著名冲突，如今我们也能较为正确地看待。但是，与科学纷争的平息相对照的是，对于科学史学家们来说，（如何看待）伽利略只有在现代方成为难题。 * **in contrast**：另一方面 / 相比之下；先找共同的比较维度，再呈现差别。 #### 1. Galileo was the centre…; but the scientific dust has settled, and we can see… 并列句，分号和but 连接了两个简单句，表纷争的激烈与平息，后面的and 相当于另起一句. his famous clash 是宾语，这里的see 是“看待”，而非“看见”，如果是作“看见” 解，则变成主系表结构了. in something like its proper perspective 作方面状语，something like 是大约之意，这里可理解为“一定程度上”，in its proper perspective，its 应指clash. 著名纷争指1610年起，伽利略支持哥白尼的日心说，一直到1633年被指其传播异端邪说(heresy)而被判终身监禁. 维基百科英文版搜索Galileo affair 即可了解那段荒诞的历史. #### 2. It is … that Galileo has become a child… it is that 强调句，强调当代. 这里in contrast 直接翻译“相比之下”让人摸不着头脑，根据上下文，应理解成相对于科学观点的纷争早已平息，对于伽利略的看法，似乎出现了一些新的角度，毕竟在17世纪，大家对伽利略的看法还受到了科学发展的制约. ### 第2段 The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated. He was, above all, a man who experimented: who despised the prejudices and book learning of the Aristotelians, who put his questions to nature instead of to the ancients, and who drew his conclusions fearlessly. He had been the first to turn a telescope to the sky, and he had seen there evidence enough to overthrow Aristotle and Ptolemy together. He was the man who climbed the Leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped various weights from the top, who rolled balls down inclined planes, and then generalized the results of his many experiments into the famous law of free fall. 中文理解：过去对伽利略的看法好在并不复杂。 他首先是个实验工作者,他蔑视亚里士多德学派的偏见和唯书本是瞻；他向自然界而不是向前人提出问题,并大胆地得出自己的结论。 他是第一个把望远镜转向天空的人，观察到的证据足以把亚里士多德和托勒密的理论一同推翻。他就是那个曾经爬上比萨斜塔，并从塔顶向下（同时）放下不同重物的人；他也是那个让球体沿着不同斜面向下滚动，然后将其数次实验结果归纳成著名的自由落体定律的人。 * **instead of**：代替 / 而不是；两边尽量保持可比较的形式，并说明你真正选择了什么。 #### 1. View was uncomplicated… 简单句，主系表结构. 句中对于delightfully 的理解，这里翻译成“好在”就很恰当. #### 2. He was a man who experimented: who despised…, who put…, and who drew… 复合句，该段使用了大量定语从句，以排比的形式采用，在这里便连用四个关系代词who 引导的定语从句来描述伽利略的所作所为. 四句中第一句是基础，做实验，后面的三句有一层递进关系. #### 3. He had been the first…, and he had seen… 并列句，and 连接的两个简单句，前句为主系表结构，后句为主谓宾结构，都有一个定语在后面做进一步修饰. #### 4. He was the man who climbed… and dropped…, who rolled… and generalized… 复合句，同样是两个who 引导的定语从句，第一个从句中，climbed 和dropped 均是谓语，主句都是who，而第二句中，rolled 和generalized 也一样，做谓语，主语是第二个who. drop 的翻译要注意，不能用“抛掷”，只能用“轻放”、“放下”这类没有给重物增加外力的动词，否则违背了自由落体实验本身的要求. from the top 后面可以理解成from the top of the Leaning Tower. 我看到一篇论文以此段为例，讲英语段落通常以一个主题句开头，直截了当地点明段落的中心思想，反应了西方人理性的思维模式，但是把中西方笼统依据理性和感性来划分，这样的结论站不住脚. ### 第3段 But a closer study of the evidence, supported by a deeper sense of the period, and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution, has profoundly modified this view of Galileo. Today, although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writings, among historians of science a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged. At the same time our sympathy for Galileo's opponents has grown somewhat. His telescopic observations are justly immortal; they aroused great interest at the time, they had important theoretical consequences, and they provided a striking demonstration of the potentialities hidden in instruments and apparatus. But can we blame those who looked and failed to see what Galileo saw, if we remember that to use a telescope at the limit of its powers calls for long experience and intimate familiarity with one's instrument? Was the philosopher who refused to look through Galileo's telescope more culpable than those who alleged that the spiral nebulae 中文理解：但是，随着人们更深入地了解那个时代，尤其是重新认识科学革命背后的哲学思潮，对有关证据的细致研究已大大改变了人们对伽利略的看法。如今，虽然旧看法下的伽利略继续存在于许多通俗读物中，但在科学史学家群体中，一个新的而且更为丰富的伽利略形象诞生了。 同时，我们对当年反对伽利略的人们渐生些许同情。伽利略用望远镜所做的观察，意义的确深远。 这些观察在当时引起了人们极大的兴趣，具有重要的理论意义，并为仪器和设备所蕴含的潜力做出了有力展示。但是，我们可别忘了，使用一架倍数有限的望远镜，需要长期的经验和对仪器的熟悉，那么我们能去责备那些做了观察却没能如伽利略所见的人吗？19世纪40年代，有人硬把罗斯勋爵的大型望远镜所观测到的螺旋状星云说成是磨镜工留下的磨痕，与之相比，难道（17世纪） 曾拒绝使用伽利略的望 * **At the same time**：到……的时候 / 偶尔 / 一直 / 同时；时间词帮助组织先后关系，但不能仅凭一个时间词机械决定时态。 * **failed to**：未能做到；可以客观交代未完成的事，不必总理解为能力不足。 #### 这一段的读法与用法 \[1] 俞珏.2005.思维模式对汉语和英语的影响.安徽农业大学学报（社会科学版）.第14卷第4期:131-134. ### 第4段 observed with Lord Rosse's great telescope in the eighteen-forties were scratches left by the grinder? We can perhaps forgive those who said the moons of Jupiter were produced by Galileo's spyglass if we recall that in his day, as for centuries before, curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth; and if a single curved glass would distort nature, how much more would a pair of them? 中文理解：远镜的哲学家更应受到谴责吗？那些观测到木星的众多卫星而又说是由伽利略的小望远镜所产生的人，如果我们能想到数个世纪以前，曲面玻璃不过是产生各种幻象的流行小玩意儿，当不得真的，我们或许会原谅这些人吧。（对于他们来说，）如果一片曲面玻璃已经扭曲了自然界，更别说两片曲面玻璃会扭曲得什么样子了。 #### 1. A closer study has modified this view. 简单句，主谓宾结构. supported by a deeper sense, and by a new consciousness 整个作定语修饰study，而非evidence，这里第二个by 也是跟前面supported 一起的，由and 所连接的同一个定语中的两个部分. 其中of the philosophical undercurrents 是第二个by 所带的定语中的定语，修饰consciousness，所以在翻译时尤其要把握好. #### 2. Although…, picture has emerged. 复合句，主句为主谓结构，前半句是让步状语从句，也是主谓结构. 从句中old 可不是“已故的”，这里分明就是和后文new 相对的呀，后面的形象是新的，前面的自然是旧形象，原翻译似未读懂课文. 主句among…science 为地点状语，表在科学史学家的群体中，地点状语不是一定要表示具体的地点，不过在这里只需了解这里是状语即可. #### 3. Our sympathy has grown. 简单句，主谓结构，for Galileo's opponents 作定语，修饰sympathy. #### 4. Observations are immortal; they aroused great interest…, they had consequences…, and they provided a demonstration... 并列句，分号之前是简单的主系表结构，分号之后，连续三个they 为主语的主谓宾句子. they 指的是observations. #### 5. Can we blame those who looked and failed to see what Galileo saw, if we remember that… 复合句，主句为主谓宾结构，Can we 疑问句作主句，主句中，who 引导了定语从句修饰those，而该从句中，含有一个what 引导的宾语从句，该宾语从句中，主语是 Galileo，谓语动词是saw. 后面有if引导的条件状语从句，该句比较复杂. 主语是we，谓语动词是remember，跟了一个that 引导的宾语从句，为主谓宾结构，该宾语从句是动词不定式to use…powers 作主语，calls for 作谓语. #### 6. The philosopher who… was more culpable than those who… 复合句，主句为主系表结构，整个句子有倒装，将was 提前了，上面的句子结构我还原了. 主句中包含了一个who 引导的定语从句，后面是than 引导的比较状语从句，该从句中亦含一个who 引导的定语从句. 从句中的定语从句，即第二个who 引导的定语从句，里面包含了一个that 引导的宾语从句，the spiral nebulae were scratches. great telescope 不能翻译成高倍望远镜，高倍的表达是high power，只不过勋爵所发明的36英寸的大型望远镜是当时最为先进的，也是通过这个望远镜，观察到了星云，而当时的天文学界对星云一无所知. \[For many years], Lord Rosse studied the night sky \[using his 36-inch telescope] \[at Birr Castle in Ireland]. The objects (which interested him \[most]) were called “nebulae,” {a term that once referred to any fuzzy object in the sky}. 这句作者很明显是用一个1840年时期（19世纪）的例子来对比1610年而起的伽利略事件（17世纪），那么或许我们对17世纪那些相信地心说的“愚昧的”人们有了些许理解和同情，便不会再那么一边倒地表达愤怒了. #### 7. We can forgive those who…if…, and if… 复合句，分号分割了两句，或者说是and 连接了两个句子，分号前面是主句和条件状语从句，分号后面是另一个条件状语从句和其主句. 分号前的主句为主谓宾结构，其中有一个who 引导的定语从句，为主谓+宾语从句结构，含有一个省略了that 的宾语从句，said (that) the moons…spyglass. 该宾语从句为主系表结构. 而第一个if 所引导的条件状语从句为主谓+宾语从句结构，包含了一个 that 引导的宾语从句，recall that …untruth. 该宾语从句中是一个主系表结构，curved glass was the contrivance. 分号和and 后面的if 引导了一个条件状语从句，后面的主句采用了倒装结构，谓语也有所省略，正常语序可以还原成A pair of them would (distort nature) how much more? 所以把how much more 理解成程度状语是较为合适的. ## 学完这一课 选一个可以讨论的判断，说明依据，再加上一句限制或不同情况。 [Nce · 本册复习台](/new-concept/book-4/review) · [三册选择地图](/new-concept/) *译文与解析据吴应时整理资料及本站首轮审校稿；词伙与练习提示为本站学习设计。原PDF第131—136页，2022年2月第2版。*