--- url: https://gaojian.site/new-concept/book-4/22-knowledge-and-progress.md description: 新概念英语第四册：Knowledge and Progress。精读、词块回忆、双向译练、句法、逻辑与FSRS复习。 --- # 知识和进步 ## 课文学习台 {#study} ### 第1段 Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world? Surely because progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest. Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in intelligence or morality, it has made extraordinary progress in the accumulation of knowledge. 中文理解：为什么进步这个概念在当今世界如此突显？ 无疑是因为有一种特殊的进步正在我们周围真实地发生着，而且愈发明显。 人类虽然没有在智力和道德方面取得普遍进步，却在知识积累方面进步巨大。 * **taking place**：参与 / 发生 / 照料；take 后面的词决定意思；参与活动才用 take part in。 #### 1. the idea of progress does loom… 特殊疑问句，Why 后使用 does + 主语 the idea of progress + 动词原形 loom，这是一般现在时问句所需的助动词，并非额外的强调用法。陈述句中则应为 the idea of progress looms…。 loom 作名词时，为织布机. #### 2. progress is taking place…and is becoming… 并列句，第一句为主谓结构，第二句省略了主语，为主系表结构. #### 3. Although…, it has made progress… 复合句，让步状语从句为主谓宾结构，主句亦为主谓宾结构. ### 第2段 Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech. With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored. Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound-interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing. All this was comparatively slow until, with the coming of science, the tempo was suddenly raised. Then knowledge began to be accumulated according to a systematic plan. The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent. Moreover, as soon as new knowledge is acquired, it is now turned to practical account. What is called "modern civilization" is not the result of a balanced development of all man's nature, but of accumulated knowledge applied to practical life. 中文理解：人一旦能用语言同别人交流思想，知识的积累便开始了。书写的发明，带来了巨大的进步，于是，知识不仅可以交流，还能储存。文献库使教育得以实现，而教育能反哺文献库。因为知识的增加遵循类似于复利的法则，文献库与教育的相互作用又非常得益于印刷术的发明。不过知识的增加相对来说还是偏慢了，直到科学的到来，知识增加的速率才急剧提升。于是，知识便开始有计划地积累起来。涓涓细流汇成小溪；小溪现已聚成激流。况且，一旦获得了新知识，现在便能转化成实际应用。所谓“现代文明”并非人类天性平衡发展之果，而是所积累的知识于实际生活中应用的结果。 * **as soon as**：一……就……；把两个动作的先后关系说清；谈未来时，时间从句通常用一般现在时。 * **not only**：不仅 / 两者都不 / 是否；找齐成对结构的两端；不是看见 not only 就一律倒装。 * **according to**：根据 / 与……相反 / 与……相比；说明信息来源或比较对象，不把原作者观点直接改成事实。 #### 1. Knowledge began to increase as… 复合句，as soon as 引导时间状语从句，主句跟从句均为主谓宾结构. #### 2. Knowledge began to increase as… 并列句，for 在这里为并列连词，for 作为并列连词时，可以连接两个相互平等的词、短语或句子，表示因果关系，因为有了文字，所以得以传播和保留知识. 这里不是原因状语从句，不能说由于可以传播和保留知识，从而发明了文字. #### 3. Libraries made education and education added to libraries…the growth followed a law, which… 并列复合句，and 连接了两个句子，均为主谓结构，冒号后面是另一个并列句，亦为主谓结构. 在compound 和interest 之间教材删除了连字符“-”，本书跟随原著，补回了连字符. compound-interest law 即law of compound interest 复利法则，爱因斯坦称之为人类第八大奇迹，滚雪球效应为snowball effect 与复利法则讲的是两回事. which 引导的定语从句修饰整个句子，也就是文献库和教育的相互作用是受益于印刷术的发明的. 该定语从句为主谓结构. \[本版此处修改参考赵振才教授的《英语常见 问题解答大辞典》] #### 4. All this was slow until the tempo was raised… 主系表结构+until 引导的时间状语从句，从句为主谓结构. tempo 一词跟随原著，修改为斜体，以示作者强调. #### 5. knowledge began to be accumulated. 简单句，主谓宾结构. #### 6. The trickle became a stream; the stream has become a torrent. 并列句，两个主系表结构的简单句，以分号相连，这里不能用逗号，如用逗号，则第二句the stream 前必须加and. #### 7. as soon as…it is turned… 复合句，时间状语从句+主谓结构主句. #### 8. What is called…is not the result… 复合句，主系表结构，主语由what 引导的主语从句担任，该从句为主谓宾结构. but 后面省略了the result. ### 第3段 The problem now facing humanity is: What is going to be done with all this knowledge? As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil. It is now being used indifferently for both. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter men's bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them? We have to ask ourselves very seriously what will happen if this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power, continues. 中文理解：人类目前所面临的问题是：这些知识可以用来做什么？ 正如人们常常指出的，知识是一把双刃剑，可以用于造福，亦或为害。 如今，人们不加分辨地把知识既用于行善，也用于作恶。举例来说，炮兵利用科学摧毁人的身体，而外科医生就在附近运用科学抢救被摧毁的身体，还有比这更可怕、更怪诞的奇景吗？我们不得不严肃地自问：随着知识的力量与日俱增，如果知识的善恶双重性得以持续运用，将会发生什么？ * **for instance**：例如；例子要证明前面的判断；可换内容，不必换这个常用表达。 #### 1. The problem is what… 复合句，主句为主系表结构，表语由what 引导的表语从句担任，表语从句为主谓结构. humanity 一般指人性，此处指人类. 在托福、雅思等考试中，通常用于表达人文学科，以复数表达. #### 2. As…knowledge is…which… 复合句，as 引导的定语从句为主谓结构，此句中，as 作主语. (2.2.1) 主句则为主系表结构，后面带了一个which 引导的定语从句修饰weapon. weapon 武器，中文习惯用双刃剑表达，就入乡随俗改译成剑了. for good or for evil，第二个for 省略了. #### 3. It is being used… 简单句，it 指上句的knowledge. #### 4. any spectacle could be whimsical…while surgeons use it… 复合句，主句为倒装的主系表结构，含一个than 引导的比较状语. 从句为while 引导的时间状语从句，主谓宾结构. 句子语法关系上，while 从句是跟主句相对的，但意思上只是跟前面的比较状语相对. #### 5. We have to ask ourselves what…if… 复合句，主句为主谓宾形式，双宾语，其中直接宾语由what 引导的宾语从句担任. if 引导的条件状语从句为主谓结构. ## 学完这一课 选一个可以讨论的判断，说明依据，再加上一句限制或不同情况。 [Nce · 本册复习台](/new-concept/book-4/review) · [三册选择地图](/new-concept/) *译文与解析据吴应时整理资料及本站首轮审校稿；词伙与练习提示为本站学习设计。原PDF第88—91页，2022年2月第2版。*