--- url: https://gaojian.site/new-concept/book-4/18-porpoises.md description: 新概念英语第四册：Porpoises。精读、词块回忆、双向译练、句法、逻辑与FSRS复习。 --- # 海豚 ## 课文学习台 {#study} ### 第1段 There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation. Marine Studio biologists have pointed out that, however intelligent they may be, it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of lifesaving. On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship. In 1928 some porpoises were photographed working like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged mattress. If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks, it may have been because curiosity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks. Porpoises and sharks are natural enemies. It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed. 中文理解：长期以来，海员中流传着这样一种迷信：海豚会救助溺水的人，将其顶到水面；或以防卫姿势环绕在人们周围，以防鲨鱼伤害。海洋摄影工作室的生物学家指出，无论海豚有多么聪明，认为海豚拥有救人动机，可能是不对的。当它们偶尔把一个失去知觉的人推到岸边时，更有可能只是出于好奇或游玩，就像它们跟在被船首破开的波浪后面随波逐流一样。1928年，有人拍到几只海豚卖力地把一张浸透水的床垫推上岸的情景。正如报道中所说，如果海豚保护人不受鲨鱼攻击，那么海豚可能是出于好奇，而鲨鱼则是被潜在佳肴的美味所吸引。海豚和鲨鱼是天敌。在这个情况下，双方可能会搏斗，结果是鲨鱼被赶走或杀死。 #### 1. There has long been a superstition that porpoises will save men or protect them… 复合句，主句为there be 句型，然后有一个that 引导的同位语从句. 该从句为并列句，主谓宾结构. #### 2. biologists have pointed out that it is a mistake to credit… 复合句，主句为主谓+that 引导的宾语从句. 该宾语从句亦是复合句，包括however 引导的让步状语从句，以及主系表结构的主句，主句中动词不定式作真正的主语. #### 3. when…they have done it… 复合句，when 引导时间状语从句在前，为主谓宾结构. 主句为主谓宾结构，主句中as 引导的方式状语有省略，as they did in riding the bow waves… #### 4. some porpoises were photographed… 简单句，被动语态的主谓结构，加上主语补足语作补充说明. working like beavers 为伴随状语. Someone photographed some porpoises …这里省略了主语，所以把宾语通过被动语态提前成为了主语，所以原本的宾语补足语，在这里则成为了主语补足语，不带to 的不定式变为被动时要加上to. #### 5. If…they have protected humans…, it may have been because…and because… 复合句，if 引导的条件状语从句为主谓宾结构，其中包括as 引导的定语从句. (2.2.1) 主句为主系表结构，为并列句，and 连接两个表语从句. 表语从句均为主谓宾结构. #### 6. Porpoises and sharks are enemies. 简单句，主系表结构. #### 7. It is possible that… a battle ensued… 复合句，it 作形式主语. 真正的主语由that 引导的主语从句担任，该主语从句为主谓结构. ### 第2段 Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive.They are constantly after the turtles, who peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities. One young calf especially enjoyed raising a turtle to the surface with his snout and then shoving him across the tank like an aquaplane. Almost any day a young porpoise may be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over by sticking his snout under the edge of his shell and pushing up for dear life. This is not easy, and may require two porpoises working together. In another game, as the turtle swims across the oceanarium, the first porpoise swoops down from above and butts his shell with his belly. This knocks the turtle down several feet. He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack. Eventually the turtle has been butted all the way down to the floor of the tank. He is now satisfied merely to try to stand up, but as soon as he does so a porpoise knocks him flat. The turtle at last gives up by pulling his feet under his shell and the game is over. 中文理解：但凡活物，海豚都感兴趣，不管是鸟、是鱼，还是野兽。 海豚经常追逐海龟，海龟则默默忍受着各种玩弄。有只小海豚特别喜欢用鼻子把海龟推到水面，然后像滑水板一样把海龟在水池里推来推去。几乎每天都能看到一只小海豚，把吻部伸到一只重达300磅的海龟龟壳边缘下面，拼命往上顶，想把海龟掀翻。这并非易事，可能需要两只海豚合作才行。在另一场游戏中，当海龟游过水族馆时，第一只海豚从上方猛扑下去，用腹部撞击龟壳。这一下子把海龟撞下去好几英尺。海龟刚恢复平衡，第二只海豚冲过来又是一记猛击。最终，这只海龟就这样一直被撞到池底。现在只要能站起来，海龟就满足了，可正当它试着站起来，就被海豚给击倒了。海龟终于屈服了，将腿缩进龟壳，（不再试图站立，对于海豚来说）游戏也就玩不下去了。 * **Whether**：不仅 / 两者都不 / 是否；找齐成对结构的两端；不是看见 not only 就一律倒装。 * **as soon as**：一……就……；把两个动作的先后关系说清；谈未来时，时间从句通常用一般现在时。 * **at last**：起初 / 终于 / 马上 / 首次 / 再一次；这些时间词不能随意互换，先看原文把哪两个阶段接起来。 #### 1. Whether…the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is… 复合句，主句为主谓宾结构，宾语anything 由that 引导的定语从句修饰. 开头是whether 引导的让步状语从句. 该从句为主系表结构. #### 2. They are after the turtles who… 复合句，主句为主谓宾结构，be after 为动词词组. who 引导的定语从句为主谓宾结构，修饰turtles. #### 3. One young calf enjoyed raising… and shoving… 并列句，主句为主谓宾结构，两个动名词raising 和shoving 作enjoy 的宾语. #### 4. a young porpoise may be seen… 简单句，主句为被动语态的主谓结构，同样的，后面的补语在非被动语态中作宾语补足语，而现在则作该被动语态中的主语补足语. by 引导的方式状语本身比较长，是并列结构，可以看成是by sticking and by pushing. for dear life 为for one's life 的变体，拼命之意. #### 5. This is not easy and (this) may require two porpoises… 并列句，首句为主系表结构，后句省略了主语，为主谓宾+宾补结构. #### 6. the first porpoise swoops down…and butts… 并列复合句，主句为主谓宾结构，后句省略了主语. as 引导的时间状语从句为主谓结构. #### 7. This knocks down the turtle… 简单句，主谓宾结构，谓语由动词词组担任. #### 8. He recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits… 复合句，主句主谓宾结构. 从句为并列句，主谓宾结构，第二句省略了主语，(the next porpoise) hits him another crack 双宾语，him 为间接宾语，another crack 为直接宾语. 这里是no sooner…than 结构的时间状语从句，语法上，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时. 本句可写作：No sooner had he recovered his equilibrium than the next porpoise came along and hit him another crack. #### 9. the turtle has been butted… 简单句，主谓结构. #### 10. He is satisfied to try… but a porpoise knocks him… 并列复合句，but 分成前后两句. 第一句为主谓宾结构. 第二句为as soon as 引导的时间状语从句，以及主句为主谓宾+宾补结构. #### 11. The turtle gives up and the game is over… 并列句，第一句主谓结构，第二句主系表结构. ## 学完这一课 选一个可以讨论的判断，说明依据，再加上一句限制或不同情况。 [Nce · 本册复习台](/new-concept/book-4/review) · [三册选择地图](/new-concept/) *译文与解析据吴应时整理资料及本站首轮审校稿；词伙与练习提示为本站学习设计。原PDF第72—75页，2022年2月第2版。*